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The radiation levels observed in these tailings or at treatment plants do not indicate risks to human health, since, as Urbina notes, radioactivity, "can be blocked by thin barriers, including skin, so exposure is generally harmless". The true threat to human health is from drinking water levels that rise above safe parameters.
The latter New Jersey study found that PCE drinking water levels > 10 ppb were associated with a 3.5-fold increased risk of oral clefts (90% CI: 1.3 - 8.8), that TCE drinking water levels > 5 ppb were associated with a 2.2 fold increased risk of oral clefts (90% CI: 1.2 - 4.2), and that TCE levels > 10 ppb were associated with a 2.5-fold increased risk of neural tube defects (90% CI: 0.9 - 6.4).
It is also possible that hepatocellular pyridine nucleotide levels in humans are under genetic control and that at very low levels of CH generated from drinking water levels of TCE, the genetically determined concentration of pyridine nucleotides may be more important than the ADH/ALDH genotypes of the exposed individual.
A byproduct of the chlorine disinfection process used in municipal water systems and the in vivo breakdown of the industrial solvent trichloroethylene, DCA is one of the most prevalent tap water contaminants in America with drinking water levels including up to 133 μg/L DCA [ 1– 3].
Officials in the city of Fukushima, about 40 miles from the stricken reactor, have regularly posted analyses of radiation levels in drinking water — levels that approached official safety limits early on, but that have since dropped.
At the wrecked Fukushima nuclear plant, workers released the Pacific rainwater that collected near storage tanks, but the company that operates the plant said the contamination was far below safe drinking water levels.
Similar(36)
This accounts for the mean concentration of the element (0.02 mg/L) slightly higher than WHO recommended drinking water level (0.01 mg/L).
And a mouse study produced evidence that uranium in drinking water caused estrogenic activity even at levels below the EPA safe drinking water level of 30 µg/L.
The U.S. EPA safe drinking water level equals the concentration of elemental U and is 47.4% of UN dissolved in water.
Of these, 90 water sources were contaminated with U above the U.S. EPA safe drinking water level of 30 μg/L (0.126 μM).
U caused estrogenic responses at or below the U.S. EPA safe drinking water level of 30 μg/L (0.126 μM) (U.S. EPA 2006).
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