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When it came to the drinking question, I followed the same etiquette I was taught about ordering pungent food on a date: If one eats garlic, both must eat garlic.
He said: "Hopefully with business studies I might learn what an independent company is!" An AQA spokeswoman said that the "independent company" question was one of several on the subject of drug trials, and that the underage drinking question was in a section on alcohol abuse.
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While PTSD symptoms from the PCL-C and problem drinking questions from the PHQ were not highly endorsed, trouble sleeping and feeling irritable or having angry outbursts were the most frequently reported symptoms of the PCL-C items, and driving after drinking was the most commonly reported of the PHQ drinking problems.
The patients' non-response rate to the smoking questions was 0.3% (n = 8), and to the drinking questions, 23% (n = 596).
The changes made in the SAQ for the PNQ were minimal and it is believed that the psychometric properties would be similar, since the drinking questions are the same.
The reason could be our use of one single binge-drinking question (Table 3), 35 which might decrease the risk for under-estimation of alcohol abuse in questionnaires that ask for total intake.
Participants were also asked three drinking context questions.
But they questioned drinking distilled water when water can be made safe with far less energy than distillation takes.
Drinking and drunkenness questions have been used in previous research on Swedish youth [e.g., [ 35]].
These items were three externalizing questions (Drinking alcohol when I go out on the weekend (4); Drinking alcohol during the week (25); Using drugs (37)) and one item from the depression subscale (Loss of sexual interest (13)).
Assessment effects (improvements due to being asked questions about drinking and discussing answers to those questions) have also been suggested as causes of improvements in drinking [ 45, 46].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com