Based on the observations during the tests, drift levels at the different limit states have been evaluated, with the attainment of large values for the solid specimen (0.30%, 0.50% and 1.75% at the operation, damage limitation and ultimate limit state, respectively), but lower performance for the panel with opening.
The dampers begin to dissipate energy from a small (0.2%) drift level.
Moreover, the FR frame achieved the desired yield mechanism without exceeding the design target drift level.
In particular, the walls reinforced with AMFs satisfied the drift level required for collapse prevention performance specified in ASCE 41-13.
Installation of a drift eliminator, even in the worst case, reduces the water drift level to less than half of the situation without the eliminator.
Furthermore, if 1/200 is considered as a permissible residual drift level, the residual drifts would challenge function of use when the PBRBFs underwent peak inter-story drifts larger than approximately 1/100.
At a drift level of ±5%, both the code based ductile specimens (Type A) showed a strength deterioration of 30% after the third cycle whereas Type B and Type C specimens experienced 10%and20%0%, respectively.
By preventing buckling and fracture of the reinforcing bars in the plastic hinge region, the test specimens showed improved structural behavior up to a drift level of 8% without reduction in their flexural strength.
Though shear failure in columns of the improved frames occurred at higher drift level, the shear failure in columns could not be prevented showing the inadequacy of current design codes.
The industrial and residential types of connections showed stable load displacement cycles with high energy dissipation up to structural drift of 2%, though a significant level of pinching and deterioration of the critical section have occurred at around 3% drift level.
