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The second one refers to the adaptive control problem for systems with unknown drift directions.
At most IMF angles, drift directions are usually within 20° and speeds within 100 m/s of the model predictions.
The optical transitions observed in the PV spectra are indicated by vertical arrows; bold arrows show drift directions of the optically excited charge carriers under the internal field (PV creation); E F is Fermi energy.
Each test orientation had two opposite directions of drift, yielding a total of 8 drift directions.
For the Large Mask condition only, the proportion of component motion reports varied significantly as a function of the orientation of the central test stimulus, with greater segmentation observed for cardinal as opposed to oblique drift directions (see Figure 2c) [F 7,28) = 6.04, p<.0002]; no significant anisotropy was found for the Small Mask condition [F 7,28) = 1.58, ns].
Important isovist measurements for this purpose include drift direction, drift magnitude, occlusivity and jaggedness.
During positive biasing, increased Er tends to slow the poloidal rotation in the electron diamagnetic drift direction, i.e., to speed up rotation in the ion diamagnetic drift direction.
It is convenient to choose a direction of the azimuthal coordinate coinciding with the proton drift direction.
The azimuthal phase velocity is westward (negative m values), that is, it coincides with the ion gradient-curvature drift direction.
Unlike in conventional systems, where motion is isochronous in only one (flight) direction, new system has property of isochronous motion in orthogonal (drift) direction as well.
The drift direction of upwellings becomes eastward during the structure phase (e.g., see Figure 6), when the F-region dynamo prevails.
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