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To avoid a drift of the mean values, relaxation terms are usually added in the relations and the boundary conditions become almost non-reflecting.
Furthermore, we prove analytically and demonstrate numerically that the formulation proposed is consistent, i.e. the formulation ensures that the flow simulation exhibits the reflection coefficient imposed accurately, as long as the waves impinging on the boundary are plane, and it prohibits drift of the mean flow variables.
Bürger and Lynch (1995) also showed that the critical rate of change is further decreased by genetic drift of the mean phenotype in small populations and by stochastic fluctuations of the optimum around the linear trend (see also Björklund et al. 2009).
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This is surprising considering that the effects of inbreeding and drift on the mean fitness of the populations were more pronounced in early survival of the offspring.
The results of the second experiment demonstrated that there could be considerable drift in the mean time of the laser pulse during warm-up: upwards of 200 ps within the first 10 min (Fig. 5c).
Three strategies are proposed and discussed in this paper to remove the slack condition: a natural drift of the chaser by means of a single impulse, a controlled maneuver for precisely adjusting the relative distance between chaser spacecraft and debris, and a retrieval mechanism for changing the tether length.
The most popular stochastic process that describes the characteristic of the process to drift toward the mean is the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process [5].
Six motion parameters, linear drift, and the mean time series of all voxels within the white matter and the cerebrospinal fluid were removed from the data by linear regression to reduce the effects of confounding factors.
Again using the diffusion model of drift (see Appendix), the mean time spent by a mutant in the range of frequencies (a, b) (provided a is greater than the initial frequency), conditional on fixation, was found by Ewens [ 20] and by Maruyama [ 21] to be Figure 2 shows the two conservative models, corresponding to two different boundary values for (a, b).
The mean drift of the floats was along the slope to the west with the Antarctic Slope Current.
According to [3], the innovation property of the KF makes it also possible to detect even very slowly changing errors (e.g. drift) by estimating the mean of the residuals over a longer time interval, where in order to avoid contamination of the KF estimated state, the measurements and residuals are stored in buffers for periods up to 30 minutes.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com