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When the colonial power, Britain, withdrew from India it left a dangerous legacy of carelessly or arbitrarily drawn borders.
If the European inventors of these countries believed that generously drawn borders would encourage a commensurate enlargening of national as opposed to local consciousness, the effects have been quite the reverse.
And wrongly drawn borders underlie many struggles for independence not least in Britain, which has had a fair share of such conflicts over the centuries.Historically researchers have used everything from labour-market statistics to data about commuter travel to calculate "optimal" borders.
Millions of Muslim, Sikh and Hindu refugees trekked across the newly drawn borders in the months surrounding independence.
Even when these powers relinquished their control over the Third World, they left behind a patchwork of states with randomly drawn borders that were in many cases deeply ungovernable.
Countries have been and forever will be concerned with territory and who is or is not allowed to work within drawn borders, but the massive gains to be had from liberalizing immigration policy are too large to ignore.
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See articleSudan and South Sudan agreed to give each other's citizens the right to live, work, travel and own property across their newly drawn border.
But fighters in South Kordofan and Blue Nile, known as SPLM-North, were left on the wrong side of the newly drawn border.
At independence, the country produced 350,000 barrels of oil a day, in the Unity and Upper Nile states, both near the newly drawn border with Sudan.
The two armies clashed last month in a disputed oil region near the poorly drawn border, coming closer to all-out war than at any time since South Sudan's independence last July.
Over the decades following the partition, the hastily drawn border between India and Pakistan has resulted in violent religious and territorial disputes through which hundreds of thousands of people have lost their lives.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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