Today, we have vast amounts of data at our disposal -- useful when looking for substantiation, but a bit flat-footed unless one knows how to draw subtle insights from it.
While some of their episodes indicate breakdowns between tasks and representations (Venkat and Adler 2012), Adler and Venkat (2014) also draw attention to narratives that reflect 'ritualized' activity (drawing on Sfard 2008) in which: 'Talk is about actions on discrete symbol parts, and these processes are asserted, with substantiation that relies on perceptual features'.
The main strategies to ensure credibility were to draw upon multiple types and sources of data, establish trusting investigator-participant relationships, maintain a master coding list, use multiple data coders, debrief about analysis amongst the research team members, and seek substantiation of findings from some participants.
At the same time, any bold claim they might make requires no substantiation, scientific or otherwise.
To make such assertions without substantiation is irresponsible.
The suit, he said, was "about the amount of substantiation required to make a claim".
Ford's story is mostly substantiated indirectly, but it does have substantiation.
Along the way, Mr. Booth makes some claims, always without substantiation, that, if true, would force considerable revisions of history.
So generally you make sure you have every possible piece of substantiation on hand just in case.
Data Integrity and Substantiation.
