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Although the affinity for both substrates was somewhat decreased, the high catalytic competency of the enzyme was surprising in the light of previous results showing that dimeric variants of the Escherichia coli and Bacillus anthracis DHDPS enzymes have dramatically reduced activity compared to their wild-type tetrameric counterparts.
Many imaging studies have found that in patients with full-blown Alzheimer's disease, the posterior cingulate cortex shows dramatically reduced activity and reduced blood flow.
In contrast to the tolerance for changes at position 85, all mutations of A86 dramatically reduced activity.
The mutated human HSP70 promoter, which exhibits dramatically reduced activity in S. pombe, was tethered with a lexA binding site for its potential activation by a lexA DNA-binding domain and transactivator fusion protein.
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Vav1-deficient mice exhibit substantial defects in T cell development, marked by a block at the DN3 stage and dramatically reduced activities of ERKs and PLC- γ1[17], [18], critical downstream mediators of Vav signaling in response to TCR stimulation.
Furthermore, AtHscB is highly expressed in anthers and trichomes and an AtHscB T-DNA insertion mutant shows reduced seed set, a waxless phenotype and inappropriate trichome development as well as dramatically reduced activities of the iron-sulfur enzymes aconitase and succinate dehydrogenase.
Catalytic activity was found to be increased by the addition of bulky, alkyl substituents at the 3′-position of the phenolate ring, whereas electron-withdrawing substituents were found to dramatically reduce activity irrespective of their size.
A total of 28 of the 181 sequences had changes at the position orthologous to glutamate-73 in the goose sequence, where 8 of those replacements were to glutamine, which has been shown by site-directed mutagenesis to abolish activity, and only one possesses aspartate, which was shown to dramatically reduce activity [ 54].
Indeed, 3d/3d DCs display dramatically reduced proteases activity together with increased NOX2 activity that both could account for reduced antigen processing.
Meanwhile, compared to the wild-type enzyme, Gox2181-D43Q exhibitedramaticallyly reduced enzymatic activity while Gox2181-Q20R&D43Q successfully retained the majority of enzymatic activity.
Expression of R225H and R225C dramatically reduced PNPO activity to 9% and 8% of wild-type activity, respectively (Fig. 1).
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