The highest level of rainfall for 100 years, together with clogged and shrunken river mouths, encroachments on river banks, blocked natural drainage pathways and a lack of early flood-warning systems all contributed to the drowning of this coastal city.
Except in Budd-Chiari syndrome, alternative drainage pathways have been described rarely.
We believe that understanding ethmoid sinus anatomy and potential drainage pathways is a core principle to functional sinus surgery.
Applications of MCA within other forests may provide useful insights to how temporal throughfall dynamics are affected for drainage pathways dependent on different structures (leaves, twigs, branches, etc.).
We found that lymphatic drainage pathways were transiently altered and the contractile function of regional conducting lymphatic vessels was reduced or lost with progressive disease.
Yet to date transient changes in lymphatic drainage pathways and function as a result of tumor growth and metastasis have not been completely elucidated.
The drainage pathways are characterized by the occurrence of deep plunge pools, channels, streamlined hills and 4 km long and 12 m deep V-shaped megaflutes.
In the anterior one, all drainage pathways of the anterior ethmoid cells, and the frontal and maxillary sinus converge in an anatomical area located in the middle meatus; this is referred to as the ostiomeatal complex (Fig. 2).
Although the paranasal sinuses are a complex framework of air cavities, widely variable in number and size, their anatomy may be simplified using a schematic approach based on drainage pathways.
The images presented show the flexibility of the head and neck phantom to simulate many clinical scenarios; i.e. lymph nodes can be simulated at any selected position following lymphatic drainage pathways in the head and neck regions.
Some are clinically irrelevant, some may be regarded as cofactors of chronic rhinosinusitis, as they narrow the drainage pathways for the paranasal sinuses; others need to be reported as a potential source of iatrogenic damage during endoscopic sinus surgery.
