In addition, Jones et al. (2013) demonstrate that the longitudinally varying ionosphere can, through ion drag interactions involving the DW1 (migrating or Sun-synchronous) wind field excited in situ in the thermosphere, produce significant D0 and DW2 tidal components during non-solar-minimum conditions.
Elegant studies by Norman, et al., demonstrated, using intravital microscopy, that a non-infectious strain of B. burgdorferi lacking BBK32, among other lipoproteins (VlsE, OspF, Erpl, and ErpK), had fewer transient interactions, dragging interactions, and stationary adhesions per minute with the endothelium in a live murine infection model.
BBK32-fibronectin binding is required for tethering interactions and BBK32-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) binding is involved in dragging interactions (Moriarty et al., 2012).
Tethering interactions are brief contacts between the spirochete and the lumen of the vessel, taking less than 1 s to traverse 100 μm along the vessel wall, whereas dragging interactions are defined as a longer contact, 3 20 s to traverse 100 μm along the vessel wall, with the length of the spirochete generally contacting the vessel wall (Norman et al., 2008; Moriarty et al., 2012).
Interaction forces between nanoparticles and base fluid include gravity-buoyancy force, drag force, interaction potential force, and Brownian force.
The complex interactions of plate boundary forces result in plate motions that are dominated by slab pull and ridge push forces and the effects of mantle drag; these interactions also result in continental deformation with a complex basin-mountain architecture and evolution.
A 2-d Euler Euler two-fluid model with buoyancy and drag as the interaction terms was used to simulate the flow.
A number of future applied research topics are identified as being a key to advancing the industry, including issues like mooring design, vertical drag coefficients, wave current interaction, stratification and influence on fauna.
A brief review of DNS studies on cluster formation, gas solid drag, and turbulent interactions is also presented.
