With help from Cornell University biologists, industry leaders, and local environmentalists and politicians, Dr. Schreibman is drafting a study promoting Brooklyn aquaculture to submit to city, state and federal officials.
Mr. Reside's first step, after drafting a study plan and getting the necessary permissions, was to make bit-for-bit copies of all the files.
Philip A. Ballinger, the director of admissions at the University of Washington in Seattle, was among the college admissions officials who were on a panel that spent a year drafting a study on the uses, and possible misuses, of the SAT and ACT in college admissions for the National Association for College Admission Counseling.
Experts at Mt . Sinai School of Medicine Hunter College School of Public Health, and other institutions recently drafted a study showing that in just three countries -- India, Indonesia and the Philippines -- over ten million people are at risk of brain damage, cancer, liver and kidney disease, and early death due to lead, chromium, mercury, pesticides and other pollutants.
In yet another egregious example of ghostwriting outlined by Rothman, Excepta Medica drafted a study purportedly showing that Risperdal was the established treatment in children and adolescents with severe behavioral disorders and then went looking for some key opinion leaders (KOLs) to attach their names to the article.
The current Congress passed legislation requiring the E.P.A. to re-examine the issue, and the agency is currently drafting a new study with an aim of publishing results by the end of 2012.
Further steps at this stage are designing the study, performing biostatistics defining the number of samples needed, drafting a questionnaire for the study subjects (if necessary), and finally applying for ethical clearance.
The S.E.C. also will finalize some more minor rules, draft a study on capital formation and create a new process for smaller companies to file confidential disclosure forms.
"Americans spend $600 billion a year on energy," said John Holdren, an energy and environmental policy expert at Harvard who helped draft a Clinton administration study of clean energy sources.
He drafted a "plan of study" called "Adversaria", which was left unfinished, and used his time to learn French while working on his Greek.
He drafted a "plan of study" called "Adversaria", which was left unfinished, and used his time to learn French while working on his knowledge of Greek.
