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To accurately describe the market participation behavior of customers and to better reflect the potential for customers to participate in DR, we define the ratio DRL jt of the DR amount and the original demand (D_{jt}^{text{o}}) of customer (j) in period (t) as the DR level of the customer.
Therefore, the demand will increase to (D_{jt}^{text{o}} + sumlimits_{tau ne t} {gamma_{jtau t} cdot DRL_{jtau }^{hbox{max} } cdot D_{jtau }^{text{o}} }), where (DRL_{jt}^{hbox{max} }) is the maximum DR level of customer j in period t and (gamma_{jtau t}) is the load-shifting rate of customer j from time t to time (tau).
DRL jt = 0 represents the case in which customer (j) in period (t) is not participating in DR. Open image in new window Fig. 1 Impact of marginal utility on DR level DRL_{jt} = frac{{D_{jt}^{text{o}} - D_{jt}^{text{a}} }}{{D_{jt}^{text{o}} }} (5 where (D_{jt}^{text{a}}) is the actual load demand of customer (j) in period (t) after the DR participation.
Importantly therefore, the degree of restriction imposed using our method can easily be adjusted to determine the genotype-specific optimum DR level.
It is therefore paramount that DR is first 'optimized' for each genotype tested before epistasis analysis with a second genetic or pharmacological intervention is performed, i.e. the animals must be subjected to a range of food intake levels and that which causes maximum lifespan is set as the DR level for that genotype and used for epistasis studies.
A total of 144 eyes were analyzed regarding DR level and 155 eyes regarding CSME.
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In contrast, for both monocytes and pDCs, HLA DR levels were significantly decreased in stimulated samples from 3-month old infants as compared to the adult group.
Recent studies indicate that DR levels can be enhanced by endogenous induction or exogenous overexpression.
Additionally, an adenovirus vector encoding UL141 also restricted TRAIL DR levels on the cell surface and promoted its intracellular accumulation in both fibroblasts and epithelial cells.
For example, Manzoli et al. [13] found the extent of mHLA-DR level reduction during the first week after sepsis onset to be associated with mortality (23% mortality), and Genel et al. [16] also reported lower levels of mHLA-DR among infected neonates who did not survive compared to those who did (20% mortality).
In the current study we found only a small correlation between HLA-DR level and antigen presentation.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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