But there was no going back home, where traditional long-distance business was into its downward rate spiral while domestic service was being thrown open to competition.
From its time-domain characteristic curve, its vertical acceleration is mainly within +5 m/s2 and fully meets the large acceleration at a downward rate every 2 s.
The slopes (f'_{g }) and (f'_{{{x}} }) can be understood as measures of the strength of the homeostatic response to deviations from the target firing rate, and the second derivatives (f"_{g }) and (f"_{{{x}} }) can be understood as measures of the asymmetry of this response for upward and downward rate deflections.
Emax-models with negative estimates of Emax, described the drug effect on downward rate parameters (K01, K12, K23, common Emax).
In cpDNA, one or two sequential downward rate shifts are inferred in Xanthorrhoea: one shift in the stem, possibly followed by a smaller shift at the crown node.
This reconstruction infers a downward rate shift in the Xanthorrhoea stem that remains unchanged throughout the crown for the introns (Additional file 3: Figure S8), and a single rate throughout Xanthorrhoeaceae for the exons (Additional file 3: Figure S9).
Given that two unlinked loci in different genomes show the downward rate shift in Xanthorrhoea, the likely cause is a factor that affects both genomes rather than locus-specific factors such as selection, or genome-specific effects such as polymerase error rate or efficiency of DNA repair [ 16].
Downward rate shifts in Xanthorrhoea were inferred either at the base of the stem (cpDNA, Figure 6) or within the crown (rpb2 introns, Figure 7; rpb2 exons, Additional file 3: Figure S7) and these low rates were sustained throughout the crown in all three partitions.
This analysis reconstructed a single downward rate shift at the stem node (Additional file 3: Figure S8) but, in contrast, RLC with Yule reconstructed two smaller shifts, both within the crown and, consequently, a much older age (~24 Ma) for the crown node (Table 2, Figure 8).
A low mean free path produces an isotropic etching profile with a lateral etch rate that is approximately equal to the downward etch rate.
