Upon the binding of arginine, the phenol ring of Y313 swings from a horizontal orientation (pink) to a vertical downward orientation (blue), which shuts the active site.
After the cation arrives at this site, one or two Glu side groups may swing to a partially downward orientation (Boiteuxa et al., 2014) to facilitate ion diffusion.
where (mathcal {A} indicates an analytic function, ∗ is complex conjugate, and +/− indicates upward or downward orientation selectivity in time-frequency space (i.e., detecting upward or downward frequencies sweeping over time).
Whereas most of the GFP fluorescence on the dorsal side (downward orientation in Figure 2A) was associated with these cytonemes, most of the ventral fluorescence was close to the ventral edge of the ASP.
One such residue, Arg82, has even been shown to alternate between upward- and downward-facing orientations during the photocycle and may thus serve a key role in shuttling protons between Asp85 and the PRG.
Hence, by varying the orientation of the box, the actor's hand trajectory from the object's starting position to the slots could be upward (to upper slot in orientation 1), horizontal, (to lower slot in orientation 1 or upper slot in orientation 2), or downward (to lower slot in orientation 2).
Finally, the spines are positively geotropic, and will re-orient themselves to point downward if the mushroom orientation changes.
It also risks the proliferation of poorly regulated preschools that may make use of inadequate quality standards including inappropriate pedagogic orientation characterised by the academic-oriented, downward extension of primary education.
A real-market orientation creates individual and societal good, while an expectations orientation creates a downward spiral that threatens both individual well-being and the health of our economy.
There are pairs of photoreceptors with opposing microvillar orientations in the downward-pointing region of the eye, and when the photoreceptors are differentially stimulated by the polarized light from a reflecting surface, the insect makes a dive.
