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The oil ministry is itself gearing up to implement a wider government commitment to boost the private sector, with Bijan Namdar Zanganeh, the minister, stressing he aims to privatise as much downstream work as possible.
And there is concern that granting exclusive rights based on this upstream work would discourage scientists from doing the harder downstream work -- figuring out what the genes do and using the information to treat disease.
But BCG, like the other strategy firms, has also made money by grabbing a larger share of "downstream" work.This is bringing the strategy shops into competition with the biggest players: the Big Four audit firms.
Sophisticated technology is also an important part of the downstream work.
Governments have rightfully re-prioritized the need to keep more of the downstream work closer to the mines, and companies like De Beers have been working with them to balance those priorities with their own commercial imperatives.
ADM buys raw commodities from cooperatives and growers in the Midwest, moves the grain and beans to China and then, where possible, gets a piece of the downstream work.
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Along the shipping chain, actors involved in upstream and downstream activities work with each other (Lun et al. 2013a).
Both upstream crosstalk cancellation and downstream precoding work under the same principle, jointly referred to here as PCC.
In order to investigate the fate of PAHs in a consortium, it is very important to investigate how PAHs downstream pathways work in PAH-degradation process by consortiums (Moscoso et al. 2012), which will also give a deep vision of contribution made by different species during PAH-degrading process.
This paste was then aliquoted and resuspended in pure ethanol to obtain stock solutions (50 mg/ml) of tertiary crude extracts for downstream experimental work.
You see it in lighting, too, where we've gone downstream and worked with customers to come up with lighting solutions in light-emitting diodes and high-intensity discharge lamps that we manufacture.
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