The results conducted that the hybrid schemes reduce the downstream boundary layer as the injection flow spreads close to the downstream surface due to the interior bending.
The two schemes provided a wide spreading of the secondary flow extensively over the outer surface, thus the lateral film cooling performance enhanced over the downstream surface area.
Many displacements, concomitant with the transition from highest to lowest level, are measured on the downstream surface of the dam by radar instruments, which at present are promising innovations in dam engineering.
Current and future ecosystem management and decision-making rely on a solid scientific understanding of how hydrologic processes affect these important GIW services and functions, and in turn on how GIWs affect downstream surface water systems.
Time-history analysis was performed to simulate the seismic failure process of a gravity dam that was assumed to be reinforced at the locations of slope discontinuity at the downstream surface, part of the upstream face, and the dam heel.
With virtually unmeasurable low wear rates, there are marked improvements in the downstream surface quality of the billets and slabs, while at the same time the integrity of the original copper asset is maintained.
It is shown that FRP, as a reinforcement material, postpones the occurrence of cracks and slows the crack propagation, and that cracks emanating from the upstream surface and downstream surface are not connected, meaning that the reinforced dam can retain water-impounding function when subjected to the earthquake.
The finite element (FE) models of the steel-lined reinforced concrete penstock (SLRCP) located on the downstream surface of a double curvature arch concrete dam are developed, in which the nodes-shared method (NSM) and the friction-contact method (FCM), respectively, are employed.
The roll-up of the shear layer produces convective vortices, leading to enhanced pressure fluctuations on the downstream surface; At Mach 2·5, a weak shear layer instability produces a reduction in the sound pressure level, and the increased distance between the leading edge and the trailing edge produces a reduction in frequency.
The accumulation of the negative charge on the downstream surface of the obstacle is largest at the position where the solar wind magnetic field is perpendicular to the surface.
