Both distal and proximal causes of inequalities are involved, pointing to both upstream and downstream policies, from national economic strategies to local health prevention programmes [ 1, 60].
The majority of informants described upstream determinants such as socioeconomic and structural factors as the causes of health inequalities, but nevertheless focused on describing downstream policies and programmes.
This could be due to the fact that the informants work in city governments and even though they are aware of the main causes of health inequalities, their daily routines involve work with downstream policies and programmes.
There was very little engagement in more downstream systems and policy research that involved leadership and governance of the health system.
There was very little engagement in more downstream systems and policy research that involved leadership and governance of the health system (see Table 1).
These hurdles include those emanating from both the downstream and upstream (policies and programmes) levels (Iizumi and Ramankutty 2016; Raworth 2007) (Table 4).
The net impact evaluation provides a positive impact of the training courses on individual's employability, and it suggests a sort of "multiplier effect" whenever the trainees experience a well-designed set of active labour market policies downstream the training.
The purpose of the study is to use microscopic simulation to evaluate systematically how the level of traffic demand, queue spillback handling policy and downstream bottleneck conditions affect the performance of the algorithms.
The policy is a downstream tradable permit where individuals are allocated carbon emission caps.
As the performance of ramp metering depends on various factors (e.g. traffic volume, downstream traffic conditions, queue override policy etc), these algorithms should be evaluated under a wide range of traffic conditions to check their applicability and performance and to ensure their successful implementation.
