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This shared downstream output of the deregulated Hippo pathway provides attractive therapeutic targets that may have the potential to treat patients that exhibit a variety of molecular alterations that feed into the Hippo pathway.
The IRAK1/TRAF6 complex-formation step is closely coupled with rapid ubiquitin-mediated IRAK1 degradation [8] that regulates the level of downstream output.
The DAF-16/FOXO transcription factor is the major downstream output of the insulin/IGF1R signaling pathway controlling C. elegans dauer larva development and aging.
Phosphorylation of the RR leads to activation of the downstream output domain that elicits specific responses.
The output of the upstream signaling was the total phosphorylated Shc, and the downstream output was the total phosphorylated ERK.
The result was a significant upstream reorganization of the yeast sex determination network without the need for any parallel changes to the downstream output of the network.
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Convergence of these internal and external signals to the mTOR complex, in turn, triggers various downstream outputs such as mRNA translation, protein synthesis, autophagy, cell proliferation, growth, and survival, which are critical for the lifespan of organisms (Kennedy and Kaeberlein, 2009; McCormick et al., 2011; Zoncu et al., 2011).
This should be true for any signaling system that requires multiple simultaneous or sequential events to generate downstream outputs.
In this case, E11P/ShcP/Grb2/SOS was used as the upstream output, and the downstream outputs were RasGTP, Raf1A, MEKP, MEKPP, ERKP, and ERKPP.
Although the signaling of the core kinases is relatively well understood, less is known about the upstream inputs, downstream outputs and regulation of the whole cascade.
Other downstream outputs, such as apoptosis, level of JAK/STAT activation, and regulation of Notch target genes, diverge between N/Src and N/Mef2 synergy.
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