Yet, typically, the involvement of NGOs in research is downstream from knowledge production and it usually takes the form of a partnership with universities or dedicated research agencies.
Nelson's (2009, p. 994) comparison of IP licenses, publications and patents found IP licenses to be the most reliable indicator of "downstream knowledge utilisation" as the "competing economic interests" between licensors and licensees ensure that the licensing agreement is a fair representation of industry demand.
Because these differences cannot be neglected in downstream analyses, knowledge of the context in which degradation occurs is, therefore, crucial.
Our findings add to the body of knowledge highlighting the downstream consequences of sepsis.
In this "knowledge loop" NGOs are valuable partners in research for development where research is seen as a broad process, involving not only production of knowledge, but also downstream and upstream activities needed for relevance and effectiveness in setting priorities and translating knowledge into action [ 24].
In the cancer field, there is a notable lack of knowledge about intracellular signaling downstream of LRP-1 and understanding of its possible contribution to cancer progression.
The current status of knowledge on the upstream-downstream linkages related to hydrology is summarized in the following; the major topics and papers reviewed are listed in Table 1. Figure 3 Interacting components of upstream-downstream linkages related to the natural (hydrological) environment and associated human systems.
Therefore, not only is an understanding of the critical signaling pathways downstream of KRAS required but also the knowledge of which node to target within in these essential pathways.
These genes fall both up and downstream of IFNβ induction according to our knowledge of the IFN pathway [ 21] and include genes involved in both the type I and type II response.
This study summarizes the present state of knowledge about linkages in hydrological processes between upstream and downstream areas of river basins in the Himalayan region based on a literature review.
Are they instances of knowledge?
