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While retroactivity is naturally present in covalently modified cascades, signaling pathways likely have evolved to propagate signals in an optimized downstream manner.
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By ten, with lunch hamper securely stowed, we take once again to the water, proceeding in a rather leisurely manner downstream.
In the epithelial compartment, GLI1 is regulated in a HH-independent manner, downstream of KRAS.
These nonclassical signaling pathways are activated in a stimulus-specific and cell-type-specific manner downstream of IFNAR.
The SAR pathway is regulated by chromatin remodeling [ 57] and works in both an NPR1-dependent (ND) and NPR1-independent (NI) manner downstream to SA induction.
NO3-N concentrations and episodes > 10 mg/l were observed to decrease downstream in a linear manner with log drainage area.
Because of its associated fast rate, fuel consumption takes place in a thin layer where CO, H2, and OH are all out of steady state, while CO oxidation occurs downstream in a distributed manner in a region where CO is the only intermediate not in steady state.
The viral RNA polymerase begins transcription at the 3' end and proceeds downstream in a sequential manner generating individual mRNAs by a start-stop mechanism guided by gene-start (GS) and gene-end (GE) signals that flank each gene.
In this manner, the downstream vasculature of the primary branches was coupled to the LAD model, and the static pressure at each outlet was solved iteratively.
HUG1, also transcribed in a kinase checkpoint dependent manner, is downstream from DUN1 and thought to play a role in the recovery from the transcriptional response to DNA damage and cell-cycle arrest [ 77].
As a result of this three-step conjugating cascade, ubiquitinated substrates can be recognized and degraded by the 26S proteasome in an ATP-dependent manner or downstream cell signalling responses are triggered [ 5, 6].
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