A number of downstream intermediaries transduce the PI3K signaling effects (for example, Akt, PDK1, SGK, and PKCβ).
These data place MAPK downstream intermediaries in the cellular responses mediating catharanthine biosynthesis in response to UV-B and position CDPK upstream of MAPK.
These findings demonstrate the robustness of the HER receptor-ligand system that enables HER2+ breast cancer cells to survive loss of HER2 signaling without the need to invoke mutations in the target kinase or its downstream intermediaries, or the activation of redundant signaling pathways.
Src and the related Src family kinases signal through multiple downstream intermediaries including STAT3 (Yu et al, 1995), FAK, and β-catenin (Irby et al, 2005), and Src activation has been implicated in decreased tumour cell adhesion, increased invasiveness, and increased motility (Buettner et al, 2008).
Previous studies have implicated activation of epistatic signaling intermediaries downstream of EGFR activation in cetuximab resistance [ 8].
Altogether, these results suggest that CLASPIN is not an intermediary player downstream of USP1 in the regulation of CHK1.
These data point to the existence of an novel, as yet unidentified intermediary kinase downstream of Mst1/Mst2 that is critical for Yap ser127) phosphorylation in the liver; identification and elimination of this putative novel Mst1/Mst2-regulated kinase will be required to establish its physiologic role as a pathway component and liver tumour suppressor.
In contrast to Drosophila, Lats1/2 does not serve as the Mst1/Mst2 activated YAP kinase in hepatocytes, indicating the existence of an novel, as yet unidentified intermediary kinase downstream of Mst1/Mst2 that is critical for YAP(Ser127) phosphorylation in the liver [ 46].
The effect of cyclic AMP on PN regeneration appears to involve intermediaries both directly downstream of its effector pathways, PKA and EPAC, as well as from crosstalk between cyclic AMP and other signaling cascades, such as the Rho-A/ROCK pathway.
Plant CaM/CML induced downstream nitric oxide (NO) synthesis as an intermediary sites in a pathogen perception signaling cascade, eventually leading to innate plant immune responses [ 63].
