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In Drosophila species, dosage compensation is implemented by doubling the expression level of genes on the X chromosome in males (Conrad and Akhtar 2012).
Dosage compensation in Anopheles could result from either the doubling of the expression level of X-linked genes in only males, or by doubling the expression level of X-linked genes in both males and females and subsequently silencing the expression of one X chromosome in females.
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Our data clearly demonstrate that TGFβ3 wildtype palates from E15.5 expressed increased TGFβ3 protein, double the expression of heterozygous and as expected the homozygous palates were completely devoid of any TGFβ3 expression (Additional file 1).
The knockdown in our hands was efficacious in that the sponge doubled the expression of the inverse reporter, but it did not restore the inverse reporter to the levels seen in cells lacking miR-132.
The males showed the highest expression levels of p62 at P90 and, in case of p62 protein, the males even doubled the expression levels of females (*** p < 0.001).
Western blot analysis indicated that the insertion of the additional thl promoter at least doubled the expression levels of the scaffoldin proteins, from around 0.1 mg/l to 0.2 mg/l for the shortest CipA variant.
The presence of infliximab in TNF- α treated cells nullified the TNF- α effect by increasing ABCA1 to the level of control and to double the expression versus TNF- α alone (P < 0.001, n = 3).
Treatment with 100 μM AgNO3 raised the PUN1 mRNA about 3-fold whereas 50 μM HgCl2 and 10 μM CdCl2 doubled the expression relative to control cells (Fig. 1, left panel).
Exposure of MCF-7 cells for 72 h to 10−4 clodronate in SFM doubled the expression of PgR-B isoform (114 kDa, the isoform known to function as a transcriptional activator).
In contrast, the opposite mechanism operates in D. melanogaster, with the assembly of a male-specific ribonucleoprotein complex (the dosage compensation complex or DCC) modifying the chromatin structure on the male's X chromosome, and acting to double the expression levels of all its genes [ 34].
Doubling the Mecp2 expression level in mice resulted in impaired social interaction (Samaco et al, 2012).
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