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The first two layers (Fig. 4c 1–2) comprise the double ground discussed in the previous section.
The cross-sections supplied additional information establishing that the works on canvas were all prepared with a double ground.
This shape is present as a negative image in the Fe, Mn and Ca maps as well, because it was applied on top of the double ground.
On top of the aforementioned double ground, De Heem first indicated the position of the most prominent fruits, flowers and foliage with an underpainting, also referred to in the literature as lay-in [20, 21] or dead-coloring/doodverf [17].
The sequence of paint layers of that cross-section, taken from the day side of the orange, shows a layer of vermilion, yellow lake, lead white and earth pigments on the double ground, followed by a thin layer of lead white, silicon particles and earth pigments.
A cross-section, taken from a white stripe of one of the purple petals, confirms the presence of an underpainting on top of the double ground composed of lead white, red lake, and some vibrant red particles, most likely vermilion (Fig. 5b, c, layer 3).
Similar(49)
From then onwards, next to white and grey-colored chalk grounds, he worked on single brown-colored grounds or double red grounds with grey priming [16 23, 28].
Dario used half the pig, the torso, which was boned and rolled up with an extravagance of herbs — garlic, thyme, fennel pollen, pepper, rosemary, and double-ground sea salt — and then cooked it in a hot oven for four hours until it emerged as a noisy sizzling racket, the fat rendered and popping, trailing a black acrid cloud of smoke, a glistening and rather beautiful thing.
He swung at the first pitch from Bruce Chen in his first two at-bats, hitting a two-run ground-rule double and grounding out, before striking out in the fifth.
The canvas preparation of the Saint Jerome painting displays such a double red ground with grey priming, as illustrated by Fig. 4a.
She became known for her double-handed ground strokes off both wings.
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