Logarithmically growing cells were irradiated by using a 60Co source at a dose rate of 31 Gy min−1.
Experiment 2 was conducted to confirm the effects and optimum dose rate of each enzyme additive.
Irradiation was performed as previously described (200 kV, 15 mA, additional 0.5 mm Cu filter at a dose rate of 0.8 Gy/min)29.
For γ-irradiation, the transferred 5-day-old seedlings were exposed to γ-rays derived from 137Cs at a dose rate of 0.83 Gy/min.
The dose rate of the ion beam was about approximately 104 ions/cm2 s and 1012 ions/cm2 s respectively.
Using the accelerator facility at Loma Linda University, we exposed human lymphocytes in vitro to 250 MeV protons with doses ranging from 0 to 60 cGy at three different dose rates: a low dose rate of 7.5 cGy/h, an intermediate dose rate of 30 cGy/h and a high dose rate of 70cGy/minn.
This is 0.71% of the central axis photon dose rate of 0.34 Gy/min at 1 μA electron beam current.
At last, the dose rate of one typical blanket water-cooled loop is calculated using the point kernel code ARShield.
The hazard quotient for molluscs was lesser than the global bench mark dose rate of 10 μGy h 1.
For visualization of Rad11-GFP and Rad51-CFP foci, cells were irradiated with 50 Gy IR using a 137Cs source with a dose rate of 2.8 Gy per minute, before being fixed and visualized as above.
Total 33 humanized mice were randomly grouped and irradiated with 0, 1 and 2 Gy (0 Gy, n = 7; 1 Gy, n = 11; 2 Gy, n = 15) at a dose rate of 88 cGy/min.
