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Armstrong, 42, was also banned for life following a United States Anti-Doping Agency investigation into the doping practices of the United States Postal Service team, a punishment LeMond feels is fair.
Considering the continuous discovery of doping cases and the impossibility of eradicating doping practices, the basic inequality between undiscovered doped athletes and 'clean' athletes is likely to persist.
Currently, anti-doping policies are part of these rules since doping practices are typically seen as cheating.
Lance Armstrong has refused, once again, to meet with the United States Anti-Doping Agency and give testimony under oath about the doping practices that fueled most of his career as a cyclist.
While investigations as the primary means of proving doping violations are uncommon in sport, investigations have been successful in highlighting doping practices and developing novel approaches in the fight against doping in sport.
To more effectively police doping practices, the IOC formed the World Anti-Doping Agency in 1999.
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From a public health perspective this is problematic since the high prevalence of uncontrolled, medically unsupervised doping practiced in amateur sports and doping-like behaviour in the general population (substance use for performance enhancement outside sport) exposes greater numbers of people to potential harm.
However, doping practice might make possible the experience of certain physical achievements that are simply not possible without the technology.
We suggest that, from the perspective of equality, supervised doping practice is likely to provide the greater prospect of ensuring equality of competition.
The Steroidal Module of the ABP is based on the premise that samples collected on a longitudinal basis should show an athlete's physiological levels of hormones unaffected by any doping practice.
Of further concern is that a particular doping practice has not been approved for use with healthy persons (such as athletes) and so has not benefited from the extensive clinical trials normally necessary before a therapeutic substance can be used.
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