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Consequently, the results of these two trials can also be interpreted in terms of drug-related differences in dopamine regulation.
We then examine polymorphisms in a spectrum of candidate genes that affect neurotransmitter systems influencing dopamine regulation or are thought to be associated with risk attitudes or impulsive disorders.
Given the broad evidence that dopamine is essential for attention and working memory [15] [18] and that the genetic polymorphism in the DAT gene is thought to be implicated in ADHD [31] [33], it is possible that both attention and working memory might play a role in pattern completion of memory retrieval under the partial-cue conditions through DAT-mediated dopamine regulation.
Given the range of genes implicated in past genetics studies, we search for associations across polymorphisms in a spectrum of candidate genes that affect neurotransmitter systems influencing dopamine regulation or in genes thought to be associated with risk attitudes or impulsive disorders.
Significant hyperactivity in the open field was reported for several transgenic mice with disturbed dopamine regulation [ 36].
Impaired dopamine regulation of striatal function may contribute to the poor motor development associated with severe cases of ADHD [ 101].
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Several reports indicate that dopamine regulates arousal and sleep in flies [13], [24], suggesting the ultradian rhythm of nocturnal arousal in Drosophila may reflect the ultradian regulation of dopamine know to exist in mammals [31], [32].
A key finding of this study is that midbrain dopamine autoreceptor regulation was reduced in low performers, as evidenced by the significantly smaller methylphenidate-induced increases in midbrain dopamine levels observed in low compared to high performers (Fig. 12C).
47 In addition, the experimental cell and animal models implicate abnormalities in dopamine receptor regulation due to receptor desensitization resulting from increased GRK4 activity, then decreased DRD activity and increased AT1 receptor activity.
For example, studies on dopamine receptor regulation in animal models, on the effects of ethanol on dopamine receptor gene expression in animal models, or on correlations of dopamine receptor function with the course of AUD using imaging studies in patients could be interpreted as basic, applied, and clinical research, respectively.
These perturbations include alterations in dopamine (DA) release, regulation and transport in the striatum and substantia nigra, striatal atrophy and elevated iron levels in the basal ganglia.
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