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This multi-resolution dataset was analyzed using Principal Components Analysis (PCA) to identify the dominant variance structure in the dataset.
In Model 3, the study*peptide term is the dominant variance component (both large and significant), whose variance relative to residual variance is 1.51.
However, the amount of dominant variance is usually assumed to be relatively small compared to the additive variance and is never identified without a family-based sample that includes bilineal relatives.
Therefore, the estimation of genetic variance has been confined to the additive genetic variance and, to estimate heritability, the proportion of the phenotypic variance attributable to only additive genetic variance has been used even though this can lead to biased estimation in the presence of dominant variance, epistatic variance, and gene × environmental interaction [ 1].
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Here, we investigated the effects of additive and dominant variances on the prediction of rice hybrid performance.
Figure 1A shows the distribution of additive and dominant variances, that is, Va ~ Γ 5.4,0.42) and Vd ~ exp(10).
In contrast, the dominant genetic variance could be explained by one common factor (χ(5) = 1.06, P = .96).96
> Although the influence of the nonshared environment was not included in Fig. 1, the fact that the total variances of the five measurements are constrained at 1 in order to identify the model allows a calculation of the additive and dominant genetic variance based on the unstandardized factor loadings.
Social group membership was also the dominant source of variance in the abundance of enzyme gene orthologs encoded by gut microbes, explaining 10.8% of global variance in a Bray Curtis dissimilarity matrix (PERMANOVA: p = 0.003; Figure 1D).
Understanding the dominant sources of variance is critical to accurately assess the effects of learning in gene expression.
Dominance genetic variance.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com