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The effect of the dominant – subordinate relationships established in male-male encounters in step 1 of our study was examined in subsequent female mate choice experiments.
In other cases, analogous faunas exist in Australia, but differ in prominence, such as the less prevalent Dominant Dolichoderinae or more dominant Subordinate Camponotini [57].
Two-way ANOVA was used to investigate influence of behavioural state (dominant, subordinate, reproductive interaction) and sex on duration of urine release.
Results from post hoc analysis of two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysing interaction effects of behavioural state (dominant, subordinate, reproductive interaction) and sex on duration of urine release.
Similar(56)
In both cases the dominance hierarchy is established using overt aggression and maintained by dominant-subordinate interactions in which the dominant starts ovipositing and the subordinate rarely lay eggs [18]; both the queen and the α-worker are able to inhibit egg formation in subordinates [17], [37]; and finally, although fertile workers cannot mate, they still possess a spermatheca.
We used the "dominance rank" (dominant or subordinate) and the "competitive treatment" (interspecific or intraspecific competition) as independent variables.
These effects are also apparent in sex-dependent dominant-subordinate interactions [50].
There is a great body of literature on the dominant-subordinate differences in behavioral response to pain [15], [16].
Male dominance hierarchies are widespread and there is extensive literature to support the appearance of dominant-subordinate relationships [2].
Systematic daily observations and evaluations yielded 35 dyads in which there were clear and stable dominant-subordinate roles for the constituent individuals.
For most mammals, behavior of individuals and their responses to external stimuli are controlled by the microsocial environment, which is also associated with dominant-subordinate relationship between pairs of conspecifics.
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