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The traditional view of social dominance suggests that dominant individuals use aggressive strategies to attain their goals.
In social hierarchies, dominant individuals experience reproductive and health benefits, but the costs of social dominance remain a topic of debate.
Bonobos' interest in hinderers may reflect attraction to dominant individuals [24].
In non-human primates, physically dominant individuals dictate group movement because they are more autonomous and coersive12,13.
In particular, homozygous dominant individuals are expected to be less common or lacking entirely among the alternative phenotypes.
Stitch those tours together and you have two dominant individuals who featured in all eight of the Tests that transformed the image of British and Irish rugby.
In competitive situations submissive individuals are frequently supplanted by more dominant individuals, and efforts to avoid conflict result in their getting less food.
This shift presumably reflects the emergence of a few large and dominant individuals and the suppression of larger numbers of small individuals.
In small, defensible patches, the increased aggression by dominant individuals apparently excluded some fish from the foraging patch, causing an increase in size variation within groups.
"If they don't pay their bill, there will be punishment," said Michael Taborsky of the University of Bern, "so they try to pre-emptively appease the dominant individuals in the group".
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The sample trees are representative of all social classes (Kraft 1884) ranging from dominant and co-dominant individuals to dominated and suppressed individuals.
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