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This ability was independent of model (small or large dog), playback condition (small or large acoustic stimulus), side of the correct model (left or right), or playback exemplar.
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A laterality index (LI) for the head-orienting response of each dog to playbacks of the different sounds was also calculated using the formula LI = (L−R/L+R), where L and R signify respectively the number of Left and Right head-orienting responses; hence a score of 1.0 represents exclusive head turning to the left side and −1.0 exclusive head turning to the right side.
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Therefore, in order to test if dogs could also match visual with acoustical information, we presented dogs with a choice of two pictures of the same dog, together with a playback of a growl recorded in a food competition context.
In contrast, a significant head orienting response to the left side was found when dogs attended to playbacks of "thunderstorm" (t(13) = 6.505, P = 0.000, two-tailed t-tests).
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Click the blue "Playback Settings" there.
The playback was stopped if the dog stopped feeding.
In addition, they modeled in a playback study an intrusion of a strange dog to the subject dogs' household and they found that the subjects behave differently according to the perceived intruders' body size.
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