In some occasions the Fisher's LSD, a less conservative test that does not control for the inflated α level, was used.
Second, our ranking does not control for the fact that a student at one school will have visited few others, making direct comparison difficult.
Note that the Pew data does not control for the reasons shoppers gave for frequently shopping at Walmart; it is possible that low-income shoppers shop more regularly at Walmart because they have fewer stores to choose from, or may lack transportation to reach other stores as easily.
Finally, we computed a third, non-parametric measure of metacognitive ability, the area under the type 2 receiver operating curve (AUROC2), although unlike meta-d'/d', this measure does not control for performance differences between conditions or subjects54 (Supplementary Fig. 5).
This implies that a specification that does not control for unobserved heterogeneity underestimates the treatment effect.
OECD (2013a) however does not control for the number of books in the home.
The within-subject comparison does not control for time of production, but the between-subjects comparison does.
However, we note that this very simple analysis does not control for other factors, including fluctuating economic conditions.
Admittedly, our conceptualization does not control for exogenous factors which may be occurring at the onset of and during cascades.
This analysis lumps together Group A and Group B and does not control for time of production.
This study does not control for selection effects – neither selection into prison nor selection into need for treatment.
