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(Chinese researchers recently adopted a similar approach: they converted cells isolated from human urine directly into neurons, using bacterial DNA that does not integrate into the chromosome).
Researchers today may alter, copy, and paste DNA with increasing ease, but they still struggle when it comes to actually composing DNA that does anything useful.
Since the 1960s, however, it has become clear that a gene is actually a piece of DNA that does something at the molecular level (eg coding for a protein or regulating its expression).
Perhaps foreseeing limits on Congress's interest in paying to sequence junk, biologists now refer to these DNA wastelands more delicately as "noncoding DNA," meaning DNA that does not code for genes.
This is DNA that doesn't determine any human traits, just disease.
The real key to the behavioral differences might lie in a small percentage of what Kolbert calls "junk" — DNA that doesn't code for any proteins but is known to produce RNA molecules that regulate most of the coding genes.
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Diluting the DNA back down to its original level, Green says, "we found a big profile of her, and also some DNA that didn't match hers, nor Colin Stagg's".
Read old issues of Scientific American and the space between what scientists guessed and what they came to know is a little exhausting — no, no, get off that notion, it's going to be this peculiar DNA that did it!
Although their lineage trees are based on genetic differences, most of these differences lie in the regions of DNA that do not code for genes and have no effect on the body.
Molecules such as enzymes, receptors, RNA and DNA that do most of the work of the cell are typically far smaller than 0.2 micrometers, and to visualize them microscopists have struggled to overcome this limitation.
These are short, repeated stretches of DNA that don't code for proteins.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com