At the DNA level, restriction analysis of isolated expression plasmids amplified in E. coli confirmed the presence of the fused gene of the expected length (Fig. 4B), Moreover, the DNA sequencing confirmed that the mutations originally introduced to the gene (N, W, N/W and W) were retained at original positions during the photoheterotrophic growth.
We evaluated mRNA and DNA level by qPCR analysis of individual genes within the pathway in these strains (Supplementary Fig. 8).
Unlike GWASs and GWLSs, which search for genetic variants at the DNA level, gene expression analysis can simultaneously detect gene expression (at the RNA level) for tens of thousands of genes.
Although transposons are frequently involved in gene conversion [10] and stimulate crossover within repeated DNA [11], recent genome level analysis shows either no correlation [12] or negative correlation [13], [14] between recombination rate and transposable element density along the chromosome.
Currently, mutation analysis at the DNA level is easy: it can be called a genotypic analysis (as opposed to the phenotypic analysis based on enzyme activity), and G6PD testing by this approach is attractive (Poggi et al, 1990; Minucci et al, 2012b).
Furthermore, the induced chromosomal translocation could also be detected in the chimeric embryos at genomic DNA level by PCR and sequencing analysis (Fig. 4g,h).
Excision of floxed pgk-neo by CreEsr1 was monitored at the DNA level by three primer PCR analysis (Figure 4A).
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) is one of the cheapest and quickest methods for assessing the variability at DNA level, being explicitly useful in intraspecific analysis and displaying the accurate genotypic identity of fungi [7].
These may result from incomplete cell division or cell fusion events, although further analysis at the DNA level is necessary to support this.
These cells are likely to be derived from cell fusion or horizontal gene transfer events, although further analysis on the DNA level is required to support this view.
