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Assuming that synonymous substitutions are generally neutral or nearly so and that the per division mutation rate is constant across the subspecies, then, based on neutral theory, the cause of this difference must be the number of cell divisions per year.
Assuming that the normal mutation rate is 1.4 × 10-9 per nucleotide per cell division, that a diploid genome has 10 bases and that the cell undergoes 50 divisions per year, then 7000 mutations would occur.
The driving forces behind this relationship are unclear, however, as plants do not have a dedicated germ line, so generation time and number of reproductive cell divisions per year are not as closely linked as they are in animals.
We also tested the same model output under a lower adult cell cycling speed, as the lowest published estimates based on telomere attrition dynamics suggest ~0.6 divisions per year for human HSC [ 21].
When not possible (i.e., HSC pool exit rate and noise), we tested the full range of possible values (discussed in the Supplemental Experimental Procedures) and chose those predicting a number of HSC divisions per year that is in the range reported in the literature for human HSCs (Catlin et al., 2011).
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Assuming a mutation rate of 1 × 10−8 per cell division, and 100 cell divisions per lineage per year, we estimate that these isolates could have diverged 305 (262–353) years ago.
How about $150,000 per patient per year?
Following the restructure Credit Suisse's private banking division grew 19 percent per year despite the economic crisis.
While growing evidence suggests that there is cardiomyocyte turnover in the adult heart, the slow pace of division (<2% per year), suggests that DNA synthesis is not a major metabolic demand on the cardiomyocyte [ 49].
Overall, the average Division I player is worth $170,098 per year with the 351 Division I basketball programs taking in more than 4.5 million in revenue on average each year".
Research is a component of each academic division, with UM attracting $346.6 million per year in sponsored research grants.
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