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Given one division of the host, reproductive forms made 3 4 doublings during this period.
Infectious forms are released into the environment during mitotic cell division of the host (reproductive forms are transmitted vertically to daughter cells) or upon host death.
The division of the host population into males and females allows the effects of a feminising parasite upon the population sex ratio to be included in the model.
OriP allows replication of plasmid in mammalian cells and EBNA1 binds specifically to oriP and tethers the EV plasmid to chromosomal DNA, allowing EBNA1 to mediate replication and partitioning of the episome during division of the host cell.
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However, at most sites multiple clades coexist and can be found in the same tree or even the same fig fruit and there is no evidence for parallel sub-division of the host fig species.
When a compatible host is infected, the colonisation of the host tissue is accompanied by increased cell divisions of the host cells (Karling, 1968).
In this study, we show that chloroplast division in the glaucophyte C. paradoxa does not involve any known chloroplast division proteins of the host eukaryotic origin, but rather, peptidoglycan spitting and probably the outer envelope division process rely on peptidoglycan hydrolyzing activity at the division site by the DipM protein, as in cyanobacterial cell division.
Given that chloroplast division proteins of the host eukaryotic origin are not present in C. paradoxa, endosymbiotic gene transfer and establishment of transcriptional/translational regulation likely occurred earlier than the addition of the division proteins of eukaryotic host origin, such as DRP5B and PDR1.
We address these issues by proposing the first mechanism to select the efficient site (the host with the lowest cost) while simultaneously allowing for the implementation of any individually rational division of the whole hosting cost.
Once integrated, the retroviral genome becomes a stable part of the host genome, and is subsequently duplicated as a provirus during host cell division.
These observations reflect the confocal data in Fig. 6B, which revealed differing HASPB expression in amastigotes within permeabilized macrophages depending on their stage of division in the host cell.
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