Interestingly, our results contrast sharply with genetic diversity patterns of the European green crab, Carcinus maenas, which has a similar invasion history to L. littorea in North America [37], [38].
A main finding of this study is that, although the landscape scale beta diversity patterns of the three microbial domains investigated are all related to plant community composition, they result from different set of biotic and abiotic factors (Fig. 4).
The diversity patterns of the much less abundant noncrustacean benthic megafauna are virtually unstudied, with the exception of a few descriptive studies [107], [137], [138] and scarce quantitative data [26], [108], [129].
Although significant efforts have been made to determine drivers of microbial biogeography [4], [5], [7], [8], [13], there is still a lack of studies assessing the relative contribution of different set of descriptors (biotic and abiotic) on the landscape scale diversity patterns of the Crenarchaeotes, Bacteria and Fungi.
In turn, the diversity patterns of the Retroviridae based on these regions appear to be recurrent into the evolutionary performance of Ty3/Gypsy LTR retroelements, the most interesting aspect of which is that they seem polyphyletic.
Even less attention was given to diversity patterns of the tadpole communities themselves [ 29, 30], although in pioneering studies different habitat variables were found to be possibly related to SR of tadpole communities [ 22, 27].
The study was carried out in the eastern part of South Tyrol, in the Italian Alps, where the diversity patterns of these three organismal groups were compared among intensively managed, extensively managed, and abandoned stands.
These data suggest that historical demographics have had a larger effect than geography on the extant diversity patterns of these two species.
The ratio of these two plots (G1/Control) scored less than 30%% at positions 4 390, but most positions in the rest were 40 100%% (data not shown), demonstrating the peculiar, mosaic diversity pattern of the G1 sequences.
Even though different sets of markers were used in these studies, and each only partially covered the diversity pattern of the paternal lineages, they have confirmed that Y-markers exhibit a strong phylogeographic structure in cattle.
The complex protein sequence diversity pattern of the human H1N1 reflects its mutational evolution from its avian characteristics at the time of human transmission in 1918 to a sequence characteristic of human H1N1, with the greatest evolutionary diversity in the HA, NA, PB1-F2, NS1 and NS2, and to a lesser extent M2, similar to the diversity of the viruses in the avian host.
