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During iterative optimization, MAPSO can dynamically control the inertia weight according to the diversity of particles.
Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) based particle filter is also proposed to increase the diversity of particles to handle high dimensional visual tracking problem more powerfully.
In order to overcome the disadvantage of particle impoverishment, we propose a layered particle filter architecture embedding continuous adaptive mean shift, which considers both concentration and diversity of particles, and the particle set can better represent the posterior probability density.
The slave swarms execute particle swarm optimization (PSO) or its variants independently to maintain the diversity of particles, while the particles in the master swarm enhance themselves based on their own knowledge and also the knowledge of the particles in the slave swarms.
Although we minimize the particle numbers by ignoring sub-optimal particles, this scheme cuts across the principle of diversity of particles in particle filters.
To enrich diversity of particles, crossing and mutation operations in genetic algorithm have been introduced into qualified particles, which avoids local optimal convergence and increases the success rate of searching the optimal solution.
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Despite significant efforts in this research area, and the fact that electrospray (ES) theory for pure solvents is well-established, improved understanding is still needed on how polymeric structures form during electrospray to be able to predict the diversity of particle morphologies encountered.
In this article, a two-layer particle swarm optimization (TLPSO) is proposed to increase the diversity of the particles so that the drawback of trapping in a local optimum is avoided.
Therefore, the global best position in the swarm of the top layer influences indirectly the particles of each swarm in the bottom layer so that the diversity of the particles increases to avoid trapping into a local optimum.
A craziness operator is introduced in the proposed technique to ensure that the particle would have a predefined craziness probability to maintain the diversity of the particles.
Two theoretical physicists who suggested that an invisible ocean of energy suffusing space is responsible for the mass and diversity of the particles in the universe won the Nobel Prize in Physics on Tuesday morning.
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