Although indicators of functional composition are the most promising, we emphasize that caution is needed when generalizing functional diversity indicators across ecoregions because most of them are context-dependent.
It now is considering the use of "academic achievement diversity" indicators, like whether a child attended preschool, said a spokeswoman for the San Francisco Unified School District.
Two types of variables that differ between breeds were studied: genetic diversity indicators such as the level of linkage disequilibrium and the number of effective ancestors, and variables specific to our datasets, such as the number of genotypes in the reference population and the relationship between reference and validation populations.
Instead of conventional transition/transversion bias indicators as benchmarks for comparison, we propose to use three indicators based on the subset of amino acid substitutions generated on the protein level: (1) protein structure indicator; (2) amino acid diversity indicator with a codon diversity coefficient; and (3) chemical diversity indicator.
Additional file 1: Supplementary Material, SMART2 Model description, Conversion pH and nitrate concentration for the Plant diversity Indicator, Areal distribution of soil-vegetation combinations, Input data, Details on the derivation of deposition and hydrology scenarios Nitrogen and sulphur deposition scenarios.
According to Robert Putnam (2007) there is a negative relation between the presence of ethnic diversity and indicators of social cohesion such as mutual trust and solidarity.
Furthermore, pastoralists also mentioned that they used plant productivity, pasture yield, plant height, and plant diversity as indicators of rangeland condition rating (Fig. 1).
The nucleotide diversity indicator π (average proportion of nucleotide differences between all possible pairs of sequences) [ 45] was calculated for each alignment using the effective length of the multiple sequence alignment (not considering regions of the alignment where the depth was 1) as the total number of available sites.
Changes in the plant diversity indicator were assessed from effects of changes in the occurrence of target and competing plant species in response to changes in mean spring groundwater level and in pH and NO3 concentration, as calculated with SMART2.
An important aspect of the application of the plant diversity indicator is the transformation from calculated NO3 concentrations in soil solution, as calculated in SMART2, towards nitrogen content per kilogram of soil as used in the plant diversity indicator (see Additional file 1 Eq. (72)).
Because SNPs identified in this work represent variation observed within a species, we decided to use the nucleotide diversity indicator π as an estimate of selection [ 45, 46].
