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The diversion effect of wavy ribs on cooling air is responsible for friction penalty reduction.
Concurrently, they would reduce the initial negative welfare effect of the RTA formation, expressed through the trade diversion effect, by the area [LIιUιU + IιMMιLι].
The trade diversion effect is reduced when intra-trade creates a mediating effect through the positive influence of shipping connectivity on extra-trade.
For heterogeneous cases, we demonstrate that the shear-thinning property does not contribute too much to the diversion effect, which clarifies the debate of understandings.
The key factors to determine the dendritic structures are the shielding effect in the parallel model and the "river diversion" effect in the staggered model.
The trade diversion effect implies that the regional trade preferences induce a diversion of trade from the more efficient RTA non-member country to the less efficient RTA member country.
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Additional oil was produced (Fig. 8) by this second SP slug mainly due to foam placement and diversion effects.
The implementation of free trade agreements that allow for different treatment between the member and non-member countries result in trade creation and trade diversion effects (Clausing 2003).
The seminal partial equilibrium framework of Viner (1950) indentifies the principal implications of RTAs through the trade creation and the trade diversion effects.
Finally, this paper lends itself to a follow-up empirical study that estimates the feedback effects from the RTA-induced changes in agricultural technology and productivity to the trade creation and trade diversion effects of RTAs.
A fixed trip table based on an equilibrium path flow solution is often used, but this ignores important attraction and diversion effects as drivers (globally) change routes in response to (local) subnetwork changes.
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