Hence, a tension likely exists in salmonids at microgeographic scales (Richardson et al. 2014) between the diversifying effects of spatially variable selection and the homogenizing effects of gene flow; thus LA may be a less certain outcome at these scales.
This could facilitate the diversifying effects of reinforcement if both a trait locus and the preference for that trait are sex-linked [ 23], as has been found in some species [ 10, 13].
The innovative and diversifying effects of HGT are well documented, and as such, the exposure to a potentially huge pool of novel genes via HGT could be the mechanism that drives the early stages of this process.
For instance, TEs are known to donate a wide variety of gene regulatory sequences to the human genome [ 7- 9], and TE-derived regulatory sequences exert diversifying effects on the expression patterns of adjacent genes (reviewed in [ 10- 12]).
This section first addresses the diversifying effect of phage on the bacterial population, which underpins subsequent examination of the evolvability benefits conferred on bacteria by coevolving phage, and their sensitivity to model parameters.
Having established the diversifying effect of specialist phage on host bacteria, the impact of diversification on bacterial evolution was explored.
Following this proposition, many studies have focused on the diversifying effect of market reform on individual income under the framework of state vs. market (Bian and Logan 1996; Zhou 2000).
HGT may bring about divergence and differentiation if the diversifying effect of HGT is able to subdivide a population to the extent that speciation can occur (Lawrence and Ochman 1998; Lawrence 1999, 2002; Ochman et al. 2005; Barraclough et al. 2012; Polz et al. 2013).
However, as the diversifying effect of natural enemies would be more likely via host-specific predators20, our results suggest the need to examine whether edge-effects alter the nature of plant-enemy interactions, e.g., by reducing specialized interactions relative to generalized ones17.
Either way, growth rate and resistance make distinct (though linked) contributions to overall fitness, and the diversifying effect of specialised phage might affect evolution of growth-related traits.
