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The demise of apartheid ushered in a new era of diversification in which South African companies became multinational -- listed on the London and the New York Stock Exchanges (not a good thing, the trade union movement has argued in South Africa, but that is a debate for another time) -- and are generally doing well.
Various kinds of interstratal relationships, other than that of one-to-one correspondence may be recognized: diversification, in which one higher unit has alternative realizations; zero realization, in which a higher unit has no overt realization on the lower stratum; neutralization, in which two or more higher units are mapped into the same lower level unit; and so on.
Moreover, resource competition is thought as an important factor indriving evolutionary diversification, in which intraspecific competition for resourcesplays a major role; see [1 4].
Goldberg et al. (2011) recently expanded the DEC model of Ree et al. to incorporate range-dependent diversification, in which speciation and extinction parameters are dependent on the size of ancestral geographic ranges; for example, widespread ancestral lineages would have a higher rate of allopatric speciation and a lower rate of extinction than ancestral lineages endemic to a single area.
- Recently, using a synthetic genetic circuit named diversity generator in an Escherichia coli population, we achieved synthetic phenotypic diversification, in which the cells diversify analogously to the motion of marbles rolling down Waddington's landscape, mediated by inter-cellular signaling.
This shifting pattern conforms to the 'resource island model' [ 23, 85, 86] of herbivore diversification, in which phylogenetically biased colonizations and back-colonizations among plant taxa, in combination with abundance-dependent extinction, lead to accumulation of herbivore species on common plants that have many relatives [ 80, 87, 88].
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Hence, the diversification of multiple related queries within a user session can be viewed as an instance of continuous diversification problem in which a diverse subset needs to be computed for each sliding window over dynamic data stream.
First, MEDUSA does not implement diversification models in which the extinction rate can be higher than speciation rates.
Our study in the genus Brachycaudus suggests an additional diversification scenario, in which re-acquisitions of heteroecy have probably played a major role in speciation events.
Premature convergence is addressed by a diversification scheme in which similar individuals are identified and some of them are replaced by new genetic material.
This extreme pattern of diversification in MPCR, which we refer to here as super-diversification, coupled with strong conservation in other regions was also observed in several other groups of SSSGP-encoding genes (Additional file 1, Figure S1) or cDNAs from Hessian fly (Table 1, Additional file 2, Figure S2).
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