We use a two-pathogen susceptible-infected (SI) model to fill these gaps in the metacommunity approach; however, SI models can be intractable for examining species-diverse, spatially structured systems.
GIS is widely used for collecting diverse spatial data and for overlay analysis in spatial register domain to represent spatially variable phenomena (Bonham-Carter 1996; Gupta and Srivastava 2010).
However, problems involving land use or global climate change encompass larger, more diverse, spatial scales and would benefit from simulating over broader areas using high-resolution, spatially-distributed data.
Landscape planners need to make decisions about the best possible mix of landuses and their spatial arrangement in the landscape based on accurate, detailed, diverse and spatially explicit information.
However, the outcomes of assemblage shifts can be diverse and spatially variable, such that quantification of the cross-scale habitat structural complexity of additional coral configurations are warranted.
Technological interventions to address the problem of poor productivity of smallholder agricultural systems must be designed to target socially diverse and spatially heterogeneous farms and farming systems.
The canopy of the cut strips consists of a diverse and spatially varying mixture of intermediate hardwoods including Quercus rubra, Fraxinus americana, Betula lenta, Acer rubrum, B. papyrifera, and an understory of late successional hardwoods.
Using examples from diverse and spatially separated processes (hydraulic dynamics of vascular system, nutrient uptake, and leaf-atmosphere coupling), I provide a conceptual outline that links seemingly unrelated biological and physical phenomena and offers an explanation to fast coordination of function across plant body.
In most regions around the Mediterranean Basin, apart from Europe, the natural phylogeographic pattern consists of genetically diverse and spatially structured populations.
The pattern of grassland use is spatially diverse because of the various natural conditions influenced by different combinations of climate, soils and topography.
