This pattern, particularly the abundance of IR, is conserved in diverse plants such as Medicago truncatula, Populus trichocarpa, A. thaliana, Oryza sativa, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and Brachypodium distachyon[ 32- 35].
A number of miRNAs were regulated by salt stress in diverse plant species, such as Arabidopsis [ 7], Z. mays [ 15] and S. linnaeanum [ 20].
Degenerate primers targeting conserved motifs have been used to amplify resistance gene analogs (RGAs) from diverse plant taxa such as soybean [ 23], A. thaliana [ 24], rice [ 25], and peanut [ 26], amongst others (for review see [ 27]).
Contemporary research has revealed numerous miRNAs in diverse plant species, such as Arabidopsis thaliana (mouse-ear cress), Oryza sativa (Asian rice), Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (flagellated green algae), and Populus euphratica (subtropical poplar tree) [ 4- 7].
It has been shown that the GT of diverse plant families, such as Lamiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Asteraceae and Bignoniaceae, accumulate substances in the vacuole or in a subcuticular space (Ventrella and Marinho 2008).
It has been reported that the capacity of G. diazotrophicus to antagonize diverse plant pathogens such as fungi, and bacteria contributes to increasing its ability to survive under environmental stress and leads to an improvement in plant fitness which may have important consequences for agricultural productivity [ 9, 10].
Previous studies have demonstrated that natural chromones isolated from diverse plant species such as Cassia petersiana (Fabaceae) [ 25], Ferula communis (Apiaceae) [ 26] and Aloe barbadensis (Asphodelaceae) [ 27] as well as synthetic phosphonic derivatives of chromones [ 28] have activity towards Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
The above information is summarised schematically in Figure 2. The gaseous hormone ethylene is involved in diverse plant processes such as the control of root elongation, swelling of the hypocotyl and curvature of the apical hook (known as the triple response), as well as fruit ripening, leaf senescence, pathogen defence, and seed dormancy [ 1, 50- 52].
Epiphytes are particularly diverse and include large plants such as orchids, aroids, bromeliads, and ferns in addition to smaller plants such as algae, mosses, and lichens.
Trihelix TFs are known to be involved in diverse functions in seed plants, such as abiotic stress tolerance [ 67], ploidy-dependent cell growth [ 68], repression of seed maturation [ 69], and perianth architecture [ 70].
Recently, phosphoproteomic analysis has been carried out to elucidate plant growth, development, and diverse response mechanisms in different plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana[ 25], maize [ 26], rice [ 27], Brachypodium distachyon[ 28], and wheat [ 29].
