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In recent years, a large number of R genes which confer resistance to diverse pathogens have been cloned from different plant species by using either map-based cloning or transposon tagging approaches [ 2- 5].
Diverse pathogens have been analyzed, including E. coli, Salmonella enterica, P. aeruginosa and Pseudomonas syringae, Enterobacter (now Cronobacter) sakazakii, Yersinia pestis, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori, S. aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium sp., C. burnetii, and Legionella pneumophila.
An emerging theme that results from such a wide array of investigations is that regardless of the underlying mechanisms used to infect the gastrointestinal tract, all these diverse pathogens have successfully evolved to evade and modulate the host defense systems for their own gain.
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More than 70 resistance (R) genes which confer resistance against various pathogens have been cloned from diverse plant species.
Though there is clear evidence of host-specificity on the part of diverse Escovopsis lineages, these pathogens have switched occasionally to novel host fungi.
Shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC), a serologically diverse group of zoonotic pathogens, have emerged as one of the most virulent groups of bacteria associated with cases of food borne disease in humans [ 1].
Pathogens have evolved diverse strategies to induce host cell apoptosis, which aids in their dissemination within the host (Navarre and Zychlinsky 2000; Santos et al. 2001; Shibayama et al. 2001).
Fusarium plant pathogens have evolved diverse infection strategies, but how they interact with their hosts in the biotrophic infection stage remains puzzling.
Pathogens have evolved diverse strategies to induce or inhibit host cell apoptosis, allowing the pathogen to evade the innate response and favoring further dissemination of the pathogen into the host tissues [ 51, 52].
Although this system is highly effective in combating a diverse range of microbes, many bacterial pathogens have evolved strategies to overcome host defenses.
As pathogens have evolved a diverse array of strategies to inactivate DC, the evolution of multiple mechanisms to activate NK cells may be an important adaptation to ensure robust early innate immune responses and may even be critical for the generation of adaptive immunity via NK cell mediated maturation of DC.
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