An improved appreciation of these pathways and their subversion by diverse pathogens is expected to help in the design of anti-infective therapeutic interventions.
In this issue of Vaccine, the maternal immunization platform as an approach to protect mothers and infants against diverse pathogens is presented.
The Conserved Teleost-Specific Genes were found to be especially enriched in proteins with immunity functions, implying that defense against invasion by diverse pathogens was critical to the successful diversification of teleosts.
One of the overwhelming reasons that S. aureus is such a successful and diverse pathogen is the arsenal of virulence determinants encoded within its genome, which include hemolysins, toxins, adhesins and other exoproteins, such as proteases, staphylokinase and protein A [10], [11].
In recent years, a large number of R genes which confer resistance to diverse pathogens have been cloned from different plant species by using either map-based cloning or transposon tagging approaches [ 2- 5].
Diverse pathogens have been analyzed, including E. coli, Salmonella enterica, P. aeruginosa and Pseudomonas syringae, Enterobacter (now Cronobacter) sakazakii, Yersinia pestis, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori, S. aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium sp., C. burnetii, and Legionella pneumophila.
This is yet another example in which diverse bacterial pathogens are using contrasting means to achieve similar goals, with V. vulnificus employing a single enzyme to control caspase-3 activity whereas other bacterial pathogens may use a number of effectors to achieve the same goal (Kim et al., 2007).
Previous research has demonstrated that S. lycopersicoides is tolerant to abiotic stresses such as cold injury and nutrient deficiency, and is simultaneously resistant to diverse pathogens that are problematic on tomato, including viruses (tomato mosaic virus and cucumber mosaic virus), oomycetes (Phytophthora parasitica), and fungi (Cladosporium fulvum and Botrytis cinerea) [ 30, 31, 58].
Respiratory tract infection etiology is complex and diverse, and new pathogens are continuously being reported.
In practice, pathogens are diverse, and vaccines usually provide imperfect protection that differs from that induced by natural infection.
