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We show that calcineurin regulates parasite colonization of diverse host cell types, including erythrocytes, mosquito midgut cells, and hepatocytes, demonstrating the versatility of this technology.
To uncover a cytokine-independent signature response to T. cruzi that is shared by diverse host cell types, we identified metabolic and signaling pathways that are significantly modulated in response to infection after filtering out the cytokine-dependent genes.
To our knowledge, this represents the first observation of its kind: that bacterial energy metabolism can disrupt the formation of a specific chemical adduct inside host cells, one that is regulatory for a number of diverse host cell processes.
Despite commonalities observed in the early response of diverse host cell types to T. cruzi, a minor fraction of host metabolic and signaling pathways were found to be shared by T. cruzi-infected fibroblasts, endothelial and smooth muscle cells.
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The possible role of HLA-B27 in the invasion, intracellular survival or elimination of bacteria has been studied by investigators from different laboratories with different experimental settings with the use of diverse host cells and various triggering stimuli [ 30].
The resulting data revealed that (1) the WTH3 promoter was upregulated by the p53 transgene in diverse host cells; (2) there was a correlation between WTH3 expression levels and p53 gene status in a cell line panel; (3) a WTH3 promoter region was directly targeted by the p53 protein in vitro and in vivo.
TNFα (tumor necrosis factor alpha) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays important roles in diverse host responses, including cell proliferation, differentiation, necrosis, apoptosis, and the induction of other cytokines.
Pathogens have evolved diverse strategies to induce host cell apoptosis, which aids in their dissemination within the host (Navarre and Zychlinsky 2000; Santos et al. 2001; Shibayama et al. 2001).
TNF is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in diverse host responses such as cell proliferation, differentiation, necrosis, apoptosis, and the induction of other cytokines.
The formation of a de novo transport system and trafficking of parasite proteins to diverse locations in the host cell is unique in cell biology (Marti et al., 2005).
The genome revealed unanticipated metabolic pathways and gave a first glimpse into the mosaic nature of diatom nuclear genomes, which contain a mix of genetic material from the stramenopile host cell, diverse bacterial donors, and a succession of green and red algal endosymbionts [ 4- 6].
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