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"They are America's most stubborn optimists," says Pew's Paul Taylor, author of "The Next America," a book that charts the diverging generations.
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STRUCTURE analysis was applied to the 90 populations that contained 100 immigrants after diverging 2000 generations.
Scenario 2: True admixture 40 generations ago; reference A′ diverged 41 generations ago (similar to Figure S1A).
In each case we used the same basic parameter settings as above, except we set the root of each tree to be 4000 generations ago and we simulated 10 chromosomes for each individual instead of 5. Scenario 1: True admixture 40 generations ago; reference A′ diverged 400 generations ago (similar to Figure S1C).
Even for populations that diverged 600 generations in the past (∼15 000 years before present assuming a generation of 25 years), the recovered rate was substantially lower than the simulated rate.
The increase in phenotypic mean of crossbred animals was measured over four generations of selection in the six simulated scenarios for which breeds A and B had diverged 300 generations back (Fig. 2).
It does, however, detect decay curves in both one-reference curves (with A– C and B– C weights); these arise because of the strong bottleneck-induced LD within population C. Scenario 7: No admixture; shared bottleneck: A and C diverged 40 generations ago and their common ancestor underwent a bottleneck of 100-fold reduced population size for the preceding 40 generations.
Sub-Saharan ancestral components diverged 2,426 generations or ~73,000 years ago (Fig. 5).
The Melanesian ancestral component diverged 2,907 generations or ~87,000 years ago (Fig. 5).
Arabian and Levantine-Caucasian ancestral components diverged 1,044 generations or ~31,000 years ago (Fig. 5).
The Levantine-Caucasian and European ancestral components diverged 842 generations or ~25,000 years ago (Fig. 5).
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