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Alternatively, for differentiation in sympatry or parapatry, geographic ranges of diverging populations may overlap or abut, but divergent ecological pressures within the overall distribution are more likely to drive the formation of reproductive isolation.
Studies conducted in this long-term project initiated in 1990 include biodiversity evolution, divergent ecological adaptive complexes to local microclimatic divergence, and the most revealing, incipient sympatric ecological speciation across life [ 9].
Our results demonstrate a hitherto unsuspected diversity of pharmacological actions in closely related species which exhibit divergent ecological characteristics; these results have important implications for both the clinical management of Coral snake envenomings and the design of Micrurus antivenom.
In the current study we investigated the neuromuscular blockade of the venom of two sister species Micrurus mipartitus and Micrurus dissoleucus, which exhibit divergent ecological characteristics in Colombia, by using the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation.
Still, by focussing our attention on sites and site conditions expressing divergent ecological development, we hypothesized factors putatively underlying the coincidental lack of under-storey heath and 'weedy' proliferation of black sheoak among 'older' rehabilitated sites, thereby providing a potential template for future analysis at finer investigative resolutions.
To assess whether West and Central African human monkeypox cases occupy similar or divergent ecological niches, ENMs were developed for each region individually, and projected to the other region ( Figure 4 ).
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The patterns of clinal genetic variation or weak genotypic clustering commonly found between ecologically divergent taxa (ecological species) in nature probably result from processes similar to those in Ensatina.
In contrast, in the case of divergent selection, ecological divergence and adaptation to new niches would be a fundamental prerequisite [ 7], and the variables comprising species' niches would be expected to deviate less from a random distribution over a phylogeny than in the case of geographic isolation.
The ecological dimensions of prokaryotic speciation may be identified by comparing the ecology of the most newly divergent, ecologically distinct populations (ecotypes).
The Galapagos Islands have proven to be a place of natural experimental conditions to answer questions related to processes like founder effect, genetic drift, divergent selection, ecological opportunity and interaction between endemic and exotic species in the speciation processes [ 8].
Divergent selection on ecological traits is thought to be the main driver of ecological speciation, leading directly or indirectly to the evolution of reproductive barriers between populations in different environments without geographic isolation.
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