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Although Lrig proteins harbor common protein-protein interaction motifs in their extracellular domain, their cytoplasmic domains are widely divergent and specific molecular functions have remained elusive.
Involvement of the TGFβs themselves in the patterning is not reported, although they can exert divergent and specific functions also in other brain regions (58) or in different stages of development (59), emphasizing their context-dependent functions.
Together, these results were in agreement with a prediction that P-Type IIC genes may only be found in organisms without a cell wall, at least in one stage of their life-cycle [ 7] and suggested a evolutionary scenario in which fungi harbouring a wall made of chitin evolved with divergent and specific potassium and sodium exchange systems, the Type IIE genes.
However, Solanaceae microstructures appear much more different that the conservation between coffee tree and grapevine, suggesting a divergent and specific evolution of the locus in the Solanaceae prior to the separation with the Rubiaceae and that time factor alone does not explain the divergences.
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The 2 remaining Xf TBDRs (XF0339/PD1711; XF0599/PD1552) seem more divergent and thus specific to Xf strains.
To identify a subset of highly divergent and lineage specific REs, we developed a Perl script (dubbed REFinder.plx) that can isolate tandem REs de novo.
On the basis of these observations, genes of the down-regulated set appear to belong preferentially to the conserved fungal genome core whereas the up-regulated set appears globally more rapidly divergent and species specific.
As the C-terminal parts of these proteins are highly divergent and frequently specific of each family or subfamily, a robust phylogenetic tree (see Material and Methods section) was calculated using the most conserved common region of the aligned proteins (between ∝-helices 2 and 7 of the N-terminal domain).
Nearly two decades of research confirmed this role and revealed other divergent and cancer-specific functions including paradoxical tumor promotion effects.
When nonbilaterian SoxB sequences are included in the tree construction, the situation becomes more complicated, because the nonbilaterian sequences are often highly divergent and lineage-specific duplications seem to have occurred [13], [18], [23].
Therefore, because autophagy elicits divergent and cell-specific effects during chronic liver injury, manipulation of autophagy for therapeutic antifibrogenic purposes should only be considered by means of cell-specific delivery approaches.
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