In our study, subtle and perhaps even benign ecological factors (listed above) appear to underlie the divergent and/or alternative development of certain rehabilitated sites despite the careful implementation and refinement of rehabilitation practices.
Conceptual design should contain two kinds of steps: divergent in which alternative concepts are generated, and convergent in which these are evaluated and selected.
Divergent selection for alternative sets of functional exon 2 alleles predicts that the proportion of private alleles should be higher for exon 2 amino acid sequences than for non coding intron 1 sequences.
Females in each focal population were offered the choice between a male from the same lineage and a male from the alternative divergent lineage as follows: The male with which the female associated for the most time was determined to be the preferred male.
Here reproductive isolation can be achieved in the absence of intrinsic barriers to gene flow, by means of divergent selection for alternative environmental conditions or food resources [ 22- 26].
These hypotheses include sequence divergence of protein coding genes [ 7], gain and loss of genes [ 8- 11], differential gene expression [ 12- 14] and divergent patterns of alternative splicing[ 15].
These results confirm the recent findings based on microarray analysis, demonstrating that human tissues show rather divergent patterns of alternative splicing, yet correlated with differences in the splicing factor expression across tissues [ 35].
Moreover, the paired action of PTCs and nonsense-mediated decay has been suggested as a novel mechanism to regulate gene expression [ 21- 24] and the observed frequent occurrence of PTC mutations further support the hypothesis that divergent gene expression and alternative splicing affect the phenotypic divergence.
The last level is A3, learning to unlearn: capacity to relativise at any moment the more spontaneous thought categories that are also being dynamically employed, and to keep categories linked with each other, although these categories are highly heterogeneous, alternative and divergent (Manghi 2003).
Ultimate causes in biology are associated with evolutionary explanations, the "making and changing of genetic programs" (Mayr 1993)—for example, the data suggest that divergent selection for utilizing alternative resources is the ultimate cause of adaptive radiations in crossbills (Benkman 2003).
